KUBBU

Explore mathematical thinking through strategy, invariants, and problem-solving.

Invariant Switch Game

Flip exactly 2 or 3 switches each move. Some starting states are impossible—discover why.

Play

Tip: refresh is safe—each game has a “New” button too.

Moves: 0
Goal: all WHITE

Math Insight (short)

  • Key idea: Look for something that stays the same after each move (an invariant).
  • Why it works: When you flip exactly 2 switches, the parity (even/odd) of the number of black switches never changes.
  • What it teaches: Some states are impossible not because of “lack of moves,” but because a hidden quantity blocks you.
Try both rules:
  • Flip 2: parity can block you. If black count is odd, you can never reach 0.
  • Flip 3: parity flips each move, so you need a different strategy.